Coelenterata

COELENTERATA
Coelentera dalah hewan hewan inteverbrata yang memiliki rongga tubuh serta mempunya sel penyengat. Coelenterata termasuk hewan yang tidak bertulang belakang (invertebrata). Makanan masuk melalui mulut kemudian masuk ke perut. Rongga tubuh digunakan sebagai tempat pencernaan makanan dan sebagai pengedar sari makanan dan sisa makanan dikeluarkan. Coelenterata memiliki sel penyengat terletak pada tentakel sekitar mulutnya.
Coelenterata memiliki 2 lapisan sel tunas, yaitu lapisan luar sebagai lapisan epidermis dan lapisan dalam sebagai gastrodermis, mempunyai satu lubang berfungsi sebagai mulut juga sebagai anus serta sel penyengat pada epidermisnya. Coelenterata mempunyai 2 bentuk tubuh yaitu bentuk polip dan medusa dalam siklus hidup nya seperti yang terjadi pada ubur-ubur anemon laut dan karang laut.

Ciri Coelenterata
• Merupakan hewan yang memiliki rongga. Rangka dari zat kapur/tandus
• Radial simetris dengan bentuk medusa dan polip
• Tubuh nya memiliki 2 lapisan sel
• Bersifat heterotrof dengan memakan plankton dan hewan kecil di air
• Habitat di air laut maupun di air tawar
Lubang mulut dikelilingi oleh tentakel, pada permukaan tentakel terdapat kninoblas (sel beracun) yang mengandung kemotosita (sel penyengat).
Reproduksi coelenterata dolakukan 2 cara yaitu aseksual (vegetatif) membentuk tunas (kuncup) yang berbentuk polip sedangkan seksual (generatif) dengan penyatuan spermatozoa dan sel telur pada bagian medusa.

Coelenterata diklasifikasikan menjadi 3 kelas yaitu
• Hydrozoa
Contohnya Hydra, Obelia, dan Physalia
• Scyphozoa
Contohnya Cyanea, Chyaora, Fruttescens, dan Aurelia
• Anthozoa
Contohnya Tubastrea, Acropora, dan Turbinaria
Peranan corlenterata dalam kehidupan
Coelenterata terutama kelas Anthozoa yaitu coral/karang merupakan komponen utama pembentukan terumbu karang yang nanti nya bisa ditempati beragam jenis hewan laut dan menjadi objek wisata yang mengguntungkan. Beberapa jenis ubur-ubur (jellyfish) yang tidak beracun dapat dikonsumsi dan diperdagangkan sebagai ubur" asin dan kerangka luar jenis coelenterata dapat digunakan sebagai hiasan akuarium.
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Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy, normally from the Sun, into chemical energy that can be later released to fuel the organisms' activities. This chemical energy is stored in carbohydrate molecules, such as sugars, which are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water. Most plants , most algae, and cyanobacteria perform photosynthesis; such organisms are called photoautotrophs. Photosynthesis maintains atmospheric oxygen levels and supplies all of the organic compounds and most of the energy necessary for life on Earth.that contain green chlorophyll pigments. In plants, these proteins are held inside organelles called chloroplasts, which are most abundant in leaf cells, while in bacteria they are embedded in the plasma membrane. The overal chemical reaction involved in photosynthesis is

6CO2 + 6H2O(+Light Energy )----> C6H12O6 + 6O2 

Even the light that does make it here is reflected and spread out. The little light that does make it here is enough for the plants of the world to survive and go through the process of photosynthesis . Light is actually energy, electromagnetic energy to be exact. When that energy gets to a green plant, all sorts of reactions can take place to store energy in the form of sugar molecules. Remember we said that not all the energy from the Sun makes it to plants? Even when light gets to a plant, the plant doesn't use all of it. It actually uses only certain colors to make photosynthesis happen. Plants mostly absorb red and blue wavelengths. When you see a color, it is actually a color that the object does NOT absorb. In the case of green plants, they do not absorb light from the green range. We already spoke about the structure of chloroplasts in the cells tutorials. We want to reinforce that photosynthesis happens in the chloroplast. Within this cell organelle is the chlorophyll that captures the light from the Sun. We'll talk about it in a bit, but the chloroplasts are working night and day with different jobs. The molecules are moved and converted in the area called the stroma .

Chlorophyll is the magic compound that can grab that sunlight and start the whole process. Chlorophyll is actually quite a varied compound. There are four (4) types: a, b, c, and d. Chlorophyll can also be found in many microorganisms and even some prokaryotic cells. However, as far as plants are concerned, the chlorophyll is found in the chloroplasts. The other big molecules are water (H O), carbon dioxide (CO ), oxygen (O ) and glucose (C H O ). Carbon dioxide and water combine with light to create oxygen and glucose. That glucose is used in various forms by every creature on the planet. Animal cells require oxygen to survive. Animal cells need an aerobic environment (one with oxygen). The whole process doesn't happen all at one time. The process of photosynthesis is divided into two main parts. The first part is called the light dependent reaction. This reaction happens when the light energy is captured and pushed into a chemical called ATP. The second part of the process happens when the ATP is used to make glucose (the Calvin Cycle ). That second part is called the light independent reaction.

Branchs Biologi

Branchs Biologi

Comparative anatomy : The scientific study of similarities and differences in the bodily structures of distinct types of animals.

Entomology : The scientific study of insects.

Ethology : The scientific study of animal behavior.

Herpetology : The scientific study of reptiles and amphibians.

Ichthyology :  The scientific study of fish.

Mammalogy : The scientific study of mammals .

Ornithology : The scientific study of birds.

Primatology : The scientific study of primates.

Veterinary science : Animal medicine.

Zoology : The study of animals.

Branches of biology relevant to the 

study of evolution:

Biogeography :The study of the geographic distributions of living organisms.

Developmental biology : The study of the processes by which an organism changes from a single cell into a mature, multicellular individual.

Evolutionary biology : The branch of biology concerned with the modes of origin of new forms of life.

Ichnology : The scientific study of the fossilized traces of past animal activity, such as footprints, burrows, trails, and borings.

Morphology : The branch of biology concerned with the form and structure of living organisms.

Paleontology : The study of prehistoric life by means of fossils.

Fields relating to the environment:

Astrobiology : The branch of biology concerned with the effects of outer space on living organisms and with the search for extraterrestrial life.

Bioclimatology : The study of the influence of climate on living organisms.

Chronobiology : The study of time-dependent phenomena in living organisms.

Conservation biology : The branches of biology concerned with habitat preservation, the prevention of extinction, and conservation of biodiversity.

Cryobiology :  The study of the effects of low temperatures on living organisms.

Ecology : The study of the interaction of organisms with each other and with their environment.

Geobiology : A science that combines geology and biology to study the interactions of organisms with their environment.

Limnology : The study of the physical and biological conditions of freshwater, particularly of lakes and ponds.

Chemistry-based branches of biology:

Biochemistry : The study of life at the chemical level, in particular the chemistry of proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids.

Bioengineering : A hybrid field of scientific research that uses the principles of biology and the techniques of engineering to produce useful products.

Molecular biology : The branch of biology that studies the formation, structure, and function of

macromolecules found in living organisms, particularly nucleic acids and proteins

Fungi

Fungi is a eucaryotic organism that is a single cell or many witch no chorophyll. They are the found in just about any habitat but most live on the land. A group called decomposers.

The Kingdom Fungi includes some of the most important organisms, both in terms of their ecological and economic roles. By breaking down dead organic material, they continue the cycle of nutrients through ecosystems. In addition, most vascular plants could not grow without the symbiotic fungi, or mycorrhizae , that inhabit their roots and supply essential nutrients. 

Other fungi provide numerous drugs (such as penicillin and other antibiotics), foods like mushrooms, truffles and morels, and the bubbles in bread, champagne, and beer.

Fungi also cause a number of plant and animal diseases: in humans, ringworm, athlete's foot, and several more serious diseases are caused by fungi. Because fungi are more chemically and genetically similar to animals than other organisms, this makes fungal diseases very difficult to treat.

Plant diseases caused by fungi include rusts, smuts, and leaf, root, and stem rots, and may cause severe damage to crops. However, a number of fungi, in particular the yeasts, are important "model organisms" for studying problems in genetics and molecular biology.

Virus

Virus a microorganism that is smaller than a bacterium that cannot grow or reproduce apart from a living cell. A virus invades living cells and uses their chemical machinery to keep itself alive and to replicate itself. It may reproduce with fidelity or with errors (mutations); this ability to mutate is responsible for the ability of some viruses to change slightly in each infected person, making treatment difficult. 

Viruses cause many common human infections and are also responsible for a number of rare diseases. Viruses may contain either DNA or RNA as their genetic material. Herpes simplex virus and the hepatitis B virus are DNA viruses. RNA viruses have an enzyme called reverse transcriptase that permits the usual sequence of DNA-to-RNA to be reversed so that the virus can make a DNA version of itself. RNA viruses include HIV and hepatitis C virus. Researchers have grouped viruses together into several major families, based on their shape, behavior, and other characteristics. These include the herpes-viruses, adenoviruses, papovaviruses (including

the papillomaviruses), hepadnaviruses, poxviruses, and parvoviruses, among the DNA viruses. 

There are dozens of smaller virus families within these major classifications. Many viruses are host specific, capable of infecting and causing disease in humans or specific animals only.